3 research outputs found
Development of Machine Learning Techniques for Diabetic Retinopathy Risk Estimation
La retinopatia diabètica (DR) és una malaltia crònica. És una de les principals complicacions de
diabetis i una causa essencial de pèrdua de visió entre les persones que pateixen diabetis.
Els pacients diabètics han de ser analitzats periòdicament per tal de detectar signes de
desenvolupament de la retinopatia en una fase inicial. El cribratge precoç i freqüent disminueix
el risc de pèrdua de visió i minimitza la cà rrega als centres assistencials. El nombre
dels pacients diabètics està en augment i creixements rà pids, de manera que el fa difÃcil
que consumeix recursos per realitzar un cribatge anual a tots ells.
L’objectiu principal d’aquest doctorat. la tesi consisteix en construir un sistema de suport de decisions clÃniques
(CDSS) basat en dades de registre de salut electrònic (EHR). S'utilitzarà aquest CDSS per estimar el risc de desenvolupar RD.
En aquesta tesi doctoral s'estudien mètodes d'aprenentatge automà tic per constuir un CDSS basat en regles lingüÃstiques difuses. El coneixement expressat en aquest tipus de regles facilita que el metge sà piga quines combindacions de les condicions són les poden provocar el risc de desenvolupar RD.
En aquest treball, proposo un mètode per reduir la incertesa en la classificació dels
pacients que utilitzen arbres de decisió difusos (FDT). A continuació es combinen diferents arbres, usant la tècnica de
Fuzzy Random Forest per millorar la qualitat de la predicció.
A continuació es proposen diverses tècniques d'agregació que millorin la fusió dels resultats que ens dóna
cadascun dels arbres FDT. Per millorar la decisió final dels nostres models, proposo tres mesures difuses que
s'utilitzen amb integrals de Choquet i Sugeno. La definició d’aquestes mesures difuses es basa en els valors de confiança de les regles. En particular, una d'elles és una mesura difusa que es troba en la qual
l'estructura jerà rquica de la FDT és explotada per trobar els valors de la mesura difusa.
El resultat final de la recerca feta ha donat lloc a un programari que es pot instal·lar en centres d’assistència primà ria i hospitals, i pot ser usat pels metges de capçalera per fer l'avaluació preventiva i el cribatge de la Retinopatia Diabètica.La retinopatÃa diabética (RD) es una enfermedad crónica. Es una de las principales complicaciones de
diabetes y una causa esencial de pérdida de visión entre las personas que padecen diabetes.
Los pacientes diabéticos deben ser examinados periódicamente para detectar signos de diabetes.
desarrollo de retinopatÃa en una etapa temprana. La detección temprana y frecuente disminuye
el riesgo de pérdida de visión y minimiza la carga en los centros de salud. El número
de pacientes diabéticos es enorme y está aumentando rápidamente, lo que lo hace difÃcil y
Consume recursos para realizar una evaluación anual para todos ellos.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es construir un sistema de apoyo a la decisión clÃnica
(CDSS) basado en datos de registros de salud electrónicos (EHR). Este CDSS será utilizado
para estimar el riesgo de desarrollar RD.
En este tesis doctoral se estudian métodos de aprendizaje automático para construir un CDSS basado
en reglas lingüÃsticas difusas. El conocimiento expresado en este tipo de reglas facilita que el médico
pueda saber que combinaciones de las condiciones son las que pueden provocar el riesgo de desarrollar RD.
En este trabajo propongo un método para reducir la incertidumbre en la clasificación de los
pacientes que usan árboles de decisión difusos (FDT). A continuación se combinan diferentes árboles usando
la técnica de Fuzzy Random Forest para mejorar la calidad de la predicción.
Se proponen también varias polÃticas para fusionar los resultados de que nos da cada uno de los árboles (FDT).
Para mejorar la decisión final propongo tres medidas difusas que se usan con las integrales Choquet y Sugeno.
La definición de estas medidas difusas se basa en los valores de confianza de
las reglas. En particular, uno de ellos es una medida difusa descomponible en la que se usa
la estructura jerárquica del FDT para encontrar los valores de la medida difusa.
Como resultado final de la investigación se ha construido un software que puede instalarse en centros de atención médica y hospitales, i que puede ser usado por los médicos de cabecera para hacer la evaluación preventiva y
el cribado de la RetinopatÃa Diabética.Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic illness. It is one of the main complications of
diabetes, and an essential cause of vision loss among people suffering from diabetes.
Diabetic patients must be periodically screened in order to detect signs of diabetic
retinopathy development in an early stage. Early and frequent screening decreases
the risk of vision loss and minimizes the load on the health care centres. The number
of the diabetic patients is huge and rapidly increasing so that makes it hard and
resource-consuming to perform a yearly screening to all of them.
The main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to build a clinical decision support system
(CDSS) based on electronic health record (EHR) data. This CDSS will be utilised
to estimate the risk of developing RD.
In this Ph.D. thesis, I focus on developing novel interpretable machine learning
systems. Fuzzy based systems with linguistic terms are going to be proposed. The
output of such systems makes the physician know what combinations of the features
that can cause the risk of developing DR.
In this work, I propose a method to reduce the uncertainty in classifying diabetic
patients using fuzzy decision trees. A Fuzzy Random forest (FRF) approach is
proposed as well to estimate the risk for developing DR.
Several policies are going to be proposed to merge the classification results
achieved by different Fuzzy Decision Trees (FDT) models to improve the quality of
the final decision of our models, I propose three fuzzy measures that are used with Choquet and Sugeno integrals.
The definition of these fuzzy measures is based on the confidence values of
the rules. In particular, one of them is a decomposable fuzzy measure in which the
hierarchical structure of the FDT is exploited to find the values of the fuzzy measure.
Out of this Ph.D. work, we have built a CDSS software that may be installed in the health care centres and hospitals
in order to evaluate and detect Diabetic Retinopathy at early stages
Recent Trends and Developments in Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics
Conventional anticancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have significantly improved cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the existing traditional anticancer treatments have been reported to cause serious side effects and resistance to cancer and even to severely affect the quality of life of cancer survivors, which indicates the utmost urgency to develop effective and safe anticancer treatments. As the primary focus of cancer nanotheranostics, nanomaterials with unique surface chemistry and shape have been investigated for integrating cancer diagnostics with treatment techniques, including guiding a prompt diagnosis, precise imaging, treatment with an effective dose, and real-time supervision of therapeutic efficacy. Several theranostic nanosystems have been explored for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the past decade. However, metal-based nanotheranostics continue to be the most common types of nonentities. Consequently, the present review covers the physical characteristics of effective metallic, functionalized, and hybrid nanotheranostic systems. The scope of coverage also includes the clinical advantages and limitations of cancer nanotheranostics. In light of these viewpoints, future research directions exploring the robustness and clinical viability of cancer nanotheranostics through various strategies to enhance the biocompatibility of theranostic nanoparticles are summarised
Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines
The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly